Bioecologia e controle da mosca-das-frutas sul-americana Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) na cultura da videira.

Dentre os insetos que danificam as bagas da videira, a mosca-das-frutas sul-americana é a que apresenta maior importância no sul do Brasil. A espécie se destaca por ser uma das mais polífagas do gênero (registro em 67 espécies de plantas de 18 famílias botânicas) e possuir ampla distribuição no continente americano. este trabalho apresenta a descrição, bioecologia, sintomas, danos, monitoramneto e controle deste inseto sobre a videira.

Padrões de atividade da ornitina decarboxilase (ODC) e sua regulação hormonal sob estresse de temperatura em Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)

Ornitina decarboxilase (ODC) (EC 4.1.1.17) é a primeira enzima que desencadeia a síntese das poliaminas putrescina, espermidina e espermina nas células. As poliaminas são cátions alifáticos envolvidos no controle de crescimento e são requeridas para uma variedade de eventos biológicos como síntese de proteína, replicação do DNA e divisão celular. No presente estudo, a atividade da ODC foi medida em ovo, larva, pupa, fêmea jovem e adulta de Anastrepha fraterculus. Durante o desenvolvimento de A. fraterculus, a atividade da ODC apresentou flutuações. Entre os estágios anteriores à emergência, o ovo teve a mais alta atividade específica, provavelmente devido à embriogênese que é caracterizada pela alta taxa de divisão celular. A atividade da ODC foi também altamente significativa em ovários e corpo gorduroso de fêmeas jovens possivelmente devido ao avanço da oogênese e vitelogênese. Parâmetros cinéticos (Km app e Vmax) para atividade da ODC foram determinados em pupa, larva e ovário de fêmeas jovens e apresentaram grande variação. A guanosina trifosfato (GTP) demonstrou afetar grandemente estes parâmetros cinéticos, sugerindo estarem ocorrendo modificações pós-traducionais. Fêmeas jovens (4 dias) de A. fraterculus também foram analisadas quanto ao efeito do estresse de temperatura (6ºC e 20/6ºC) e da aplicação tópica do hormônio juvenil isolados ou em conjunto. . Os principais resultados foram que a concentração de 500 ng e os tempos de incubação de 3, 7 e 18 horas aumentaram a atividade da ODC. As fêmeas mantidas a 6ºC e 20/6ºC tiveram atividade da ODC mais alta do que as fêmeas mantidas a 25ºC. O tempo de incubação de 1 hora com o HJ aumentou a atividade da ODC no tratamento de 6ºC, quando comparado com fêmeas mantidas apenas com o estresse de temperatura sem a adição do hormônio (controle). No entanto, no tratamento das fêmeas mantidas a 20/6ºC, somente os tempos de 3 e 18 horas de incubação com o HJ demonstraram aumento na atividade da ODC quando comparadas com o tempo de incubação de 1 hora e com as fêmeas mantidas sem a adição do hormônio (controle). Os machos não apresentaram diferença na atividade da ODC quando submetidos ao estresse de temperatura de 6ºC, mas as medidas do apódema ejaculatório foram maiores a 25ºC que a 6ºC. Estes resultados podem ser considerados como parte de um processo adaptativo a mudanças ambientais. Por último, observamos que as medidas dos ovários (comprimento e largura) de fêmeas jovens mantidas com o inibidor da ODC, -difluormetilornitina (-DFMO; 50mM) são diferentes significativamente quando comparadas com às medidas das fêmeas controle sem o inibidor. O conjunto desses resultados indica a importância da relação entre ODC, HJ e estresse de temperatura para a A. fraterculus. Como esta mosca é uma das piores pragas para a fruticultura brasileira, estes dados, além de contribuírem para um maior conhecimento de sua biologia básica, poderão também ser usados para a escolha de melhores estratégias de controle populacional.

Biology and fertility life table of the South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus on grape

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Flutuação populacional de adultos de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) em cultivo protegido e convencional de videira

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Wolbachia endosymbiont in a species of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera: Tephritidae)

In Anastrepha sp.2 aff. fraterculus, the egg-cell harbours a large population of endosymbionts. The bacteria were identified as belonging to genus Wolbachia by PCR assay using primers of the ftsZ gene followed by sequencing of the amplified band. Newly deposited eggs stained in toto by Hoechst show that the bacteria are unevenly dispersed throughout the egg-cell, with a higher accumulation at the posterior pole, and that the degree of infestation varies from egg to egg. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy shows that bacteria are present in the female germ line of embryonic and larval stages, as well as in the different cell types of the ovaries at the adult stage. Mature ova within the follicles harbour a large population of the symbionts. The results indicate the existence of a transovarian transmission of the endosymbionts in this fly.

Bioecologia de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em videira

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Identificação da bactéria endossimbionte Wolbachia em populações de moscas-das-frutas do complexo Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Associação de variedades de goiaba, bioinseticidas e o parasitóide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata no controle de Anastrepha fraterculus

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Preference and infestation level of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) on fruits of some Psidium guajava L. cultivars and relation to their physicochemical parameters

This study aimed to verify the preference and infestation level of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) [South American fruit fly] in fruits of guava cultivars and to correlate them to variables such as peel coloration, soluble solids and pH of fruit cultivars. The following cultivars were used: Pedro Sato, Paluma, Casco and S,culo XXI. The infestation was evaluated in cages, considering two scenarios: no-choice and multiple choice. In both tests, evaluations of the fruit attraction to insects were conducted for a period of 1', 3', 5', 10', 20', 30', 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. The visit of A. fraterculus on the assayed cultivars in relation to the time was studied by logistic regression. After 10 days, the number of larvae in each fruit was recorded. In the multiple choice test, the visit proportions were significantly higher in the fruits of cvs. S,culo XXI and Pedro Sato than in those of cvs. Paluma and Casco. In the no-choice test, the visit proportions were significantly lower in the Paluma fruits. In both tests, the rate of fruit infestation by A. fraterculus did not differ among cvs. Pedro Sato, Paluma and Casco, whereas the fruits of cv. S,culo XXI were more infested. The indexes of pH did not interfere with the infestation of A. fraterculus, whereas a high rate of soluble solids and low color angle appear to be crucial for discriminating the fruits of the most susceptible cultivars. Infestation rate of S,culo XXI fruits displayed significant correlations with: A degrees Brix (r= 0.7078) and color angle (h) (r= -0.9499) of guava fruits under the multiple choice conditions.

Infestation of guava by Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae): preferred ripening stages and influence of fruit peel coloration

The current study aimed to verify the preferred guava fruit ripening stage for egg laying by Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to determine the influence of peel coloration of the fruits of 2 cultivars on infestation. The cultivars used were Paluma and Seculo XXI. The infestation level was evaluated in cages, considering 2 conditions: multiple-choice and nonchoice tests. The infestation levels of A. fraterculus differed between the green and the green-ripe stages in the multiple-choice test. In Paluma fruits with the nonchoice test, the infestation was highest during the ripe stage. There were no differences in infestation levels of A. fraterculus between the green and the green-ripe stages in Seculo XXI. In general, the green-ripe and the ripe stages were preferred for egg laying by A. fraterculus. In Paluma fruits there were significant correlations of infestation levels of A. fraterculus with luminosity (L) and chromaticity (C) in the nonchoice assay. In Seculo XXI fruits there was a significant correlation of infestation levels of A. fraterculus with color angle (h) in the nonchoice assay. No correlation was found between theses parameters in the multiple-choice test.

New Protein Sources in Adults Diet for Mass-rearing of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The aim of this study was to find alternatives to reduce the cost of mass production of the South American fruit fly (A. fraterculus) by looking for locally available products as protein source in the diet of adults to replace the imported product without changing the quality parameters. Two yeast from a Brazilian company were evaluated. The quality parameters showed that the imported hydrolyzed yeast used in the adult diet could be perfectly replaced by the local products tested, with a reduction of over 80% of the cost of the diet. The quality of the produced insects remained the same and there were improvements in some quality parameters such as the volume of eggs produced, number of adults flying and longevity under the stress.

Cryptic Species of the Anastrepha fraterculus Complex (Diptera: Tephritidae): A Multivariate Approach for the Recognition of South American Morphotypes

Although a large amount of data have been published in past years on the taxonomic status of the Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) species complex, there is still a need to know how many species this complex comprises, the distribution of each one, and their distinguishing features. In this study, we assessed the morphometric variability of 32 populations from the A. fraterculus complex, located in major biogeographical areas from the Neotropics. Multivariate techniques for analysis were applied to the measurements of 21 variables referring to the mesonotum, aculeus, and wing. For the first time, our results identified the presence of seven distinct morphotypes within this species complex. According to the biogeographical areas, populations occurring in the Mesoamerican dominion (Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama) were clustered within a single natural entity labeled as the "Mexican" morphotype; whereas in the northwestern South American dominion, samples fell into three distinct groups: the "Venezuelan" morphotype with a single population from the Caribbean lowlands of Venezuela, the "Andean" morphotype from the highlands of Venezuela and Colombia, and the third group or "Peruvian" morphotype comprised the samples from the Pacific coastal lowlands of Ecuador and Peru. Three additional groups were identified from the Chacoan and Paranaense sub-regions: the morphotype "Brazilian-1" was recognized as including the Argentinean samples with most pertaining to Brazil, and widely distributed in these biogeographical areas; the morphotype "Brazilian-2" was recognized as including two samples from the state of Sao Paulo (Ilha-Bela and Sao Sebastiao); whereas the morphotype "Brazilian-3" included a single population from Botucatu (state of Sao Paulo). Based on data published by previous authors showing genetic and karyotypic differentiation, as well as reproductive isolation, we have concluded that such morphotypes indeed represent natural groups and distinct taxonomic entities.

New protein sources in adults diet for mass-rearing of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera:Tephritidae)

The aim of this study was to find alternatives to reduce the cost of mass production of the South American fruit fly (A. fraterculus) by looking for locally available products as protein source in the diet of adults to replace the imported product without changing the quality parameters. Two yeast from a Brazilian company were evaluated. The quality parameters showed that the imported hydrolyzed yeast used in the adult diet could be perfectly replaced by the local products tested, with a reduction of over 80% of the cost of the diet. The quality of the produced insects remained the same and there were improvements in some quality parameters such as the volume of eggs produced, number of adults flying and longevity under the stress.

Monitoramento de Anastrepha fraterculus em pomares de pêssego no sul do RS.

2015

Assessment of Injuries Caused by Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on the Incidence of Bunch Rot Diseases in Table Grape.

Resumo: Anastrepha fraterculus (. Wied) é a principal praga de uvas de mesa (Vitis vinifera) na Região Sul do Brasil. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi investigar o efeito da punção de frutas por fêmeas adultas e infestação larvária por A. fraterculus na ocorrência da doença podridões na uva (cultivar "Itália"). Abstract: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) is the main insect pest of table grapes (Vitis vinifera) in the Southern Region of Brazil. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of fruit puncturing by adult females and larval infestation by A. fraterculus on the occurrence of bunch rot disease in the grape (cultivar ?Itália?) by evaluating grapes (a) punctured for oviposition by females of A. fraterculus, sterilized in laboratory with novaluron (40 mg L−1) and further spray-inoculated separately with Botrytis cinerea (1 × 106 conidia mL−1), Glomerella cingulata (1 × 106 conidia mL−1), and bacteria and yeast that cause sour rot (1 × 105 cells mL−1), (b) grapes punctured for oviposition by non-sterilized females with pathogen spraying, (c) grapes with mechanical wounds and pathogen spraying, (d) grapes with no wounds and with pathogen spraying, (e) grapes punctured for oviposition by A. fraterculus chemically sterilized in laboratory with novaluron, (f) grapes punctured for oviposition by A. fraterculus non-sterilized in laboratory with novaluron, (g) grapes with mechanical wounds, and (h) grapes with no sterilization or pathogen spraying. Our data indicated that the mechanical and oviposition wounds caused by A. fraterculus increased the percentage of grapes infected by B. cinerea, G. cingulata, and microorganisms of acid rot. The grape puncturing by A. fraterculus and the mechanical wound allows the penetration of B. cinerea and microorganisms leading to acid rot. We conclude that the fruit fly A. fraterculus may facilitate phytopathogens penetration leading to bunch rots in the table grape Itália.